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Svätý apoštol a evanjelista Ján Teológ


Zo synoptických evanjelií sa dozvedáme, že apoštol Ján a jeho brat Jakub Starší boli synmi Zebedeja a Salome z Betsaidy. Obaja bratia boli rybármi na Tiberiadskom jazere. Ich spoločníkmi pri práci boli Šimon a Andrej. Ježiš ich spoločne povolal za svojich učeníkov. Obaja Zebedejovi synovia, ktorí sa v zoznamoch apoštolov uvádzajú spoločne, sa spoločne so Šimonom-Petrom tešili výsadnému postaveniu. Ježiša sprevádzali pri vzkriesení Jairovej dcéry, počas premenenia na hore a v Getsemanskej záhrade.

Markovo evanjelium nazýva oboch bratov „Boanergés“ – Synovia hromu. V evanjeliách vystupujú aj jednotlivo.

V skutkoch apoštolov pôsobí Ján spoločne s Petrom. Túto tradíciu podtrhuje aj list Galaťanom, ktorých oboch spoločne s Jakubom, Pánovým bratom, označuje ako „stĺpy“.

Jánovo evanjelium podstatne rozširuje naše poznatky o dnešnom svätcovi, apoštolovi Jánovi. Predpokladom je, že sa za „učeníkom, ktorého miloval Ježiš“ a „iným učeníkom“ ukrýva Zebedejov syn Ján. Aj tu vystupujú obaja hlavní učeníci Peter a Ján spoločne, z časti v určitej „konkurencii“, ktorá nespočíva medzi „Úradom“ a „Duchom“, ale vychádza z ocenenia apoštola Jána. Ján pochádza zo školy Jána Krstiteľa, je Ježišovým dôverníkom, stojí tiež pod jeho krížom a Ježiš ho uvádza do synovského vzťahu s Máriou. Z konca evanjelia možno usúdiť, že sa Ján dožil vysokého veku.

O ďalšom Jánovom pôsobení a živote podávajú správu starokresťanské tradície. Už Justín z druhého storočia považuje apoštola Jána za autora knihy Zjavenia. Dionýz z Alexandrie tento názor síce neskôr, kvôli rozdielnemu štýlu spochybňuje, no napriek tomu sa vytvoril tradičný názor, podľa ktorého apoštol Ján pôsobil v Efeze, za čias cisára Domiciána ho poslali do vyhnanstva na ostrov Patmos, kde napísal knihu Zjavenia. Odtiaľ sa potom vrátil do Efezu a tu napísal evanjelium. Ako veľmi starý za čias cisára Trajána zomrel. Táto podstatne na Irenejovi stojaca tradícia je v súčasnosti vystavená kritike, s časti kvôli zámene s Presbyterom Jánom. Diskusia sa ešte neukončila, pretože Efezská tradícia nebola nikdy skutočne popretá.

Jánov prívlastok „Teológ“ sa datuje až od 4. storočia.

Začiatok úcty k apoštolovi Jánovi sa spája s kultom pri jeho hrobe v Efeze. Cisár Justinián vystaval na mieste náhrobnej kaplnky chrám svätého apoštola Jána. Byzantským vplyvom v čase prelomu staroveku a stredoveku vznikajú chrámy zasväténé apoštolovi Jánovi v Taliansku. Najsamprv v Ríme a Ravene a neskôr aj vo Verone a v Postoii.

Na ikonách sa svätý Ján apoštol zobrazuje zriedka samostatne; zvyčajne v zástupe apoštolov, alebo v skupinách, s Ježišom a Máriou, alebo počas scény ukrižovania s Máriou pod krížom.

(LThK)

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